Calculate Root Mean Square Velocity of Gas Particles

This example problem demonstrates how to calculate the root mean square velocity of particles in an ideal gas. This value is the square root of the average velocity-squared of molecules in a gas. While the value is an approximation, especially for real gases, it offers useful information when studying kinetic theory. Root Mean Square Velocity Problem What is the average velocity or root mean square velocity of a molecule in a sample of oxygen at 0  °C? Solution Gases consist of atoms or molecules that move at different speeds in random directions. The root means square velocity (RMS velocity) is a way to find a single velocity value for the particles.  The average velocity of gas particles is found using the root mean square velocity formulaÃŽ ¼rms (3RT/M) ½whereÃŽ ¼rms root mean square velocity in m/secR ideal gas constant 8.3145 (kg ·m2/sec2)/K ·molT absolute temperature in KelvinM mass of a mole of the gas in kilograms. Really, the RMS calculation gives you root mean square speed, not velocity. This is because velocity is a vector quantity, which has  magnitude and direction. The RMS calculation only gives the magnitude or speed.The temperature must be converted to Kelvin and the molar mass must be found in kg to complete this problem. Step 1 Find the absolute temperature using the Celsius to Kelvin conversion formula:T  °C 273T 0 273T 273 K Step 2 Find molar mass in kg:From the periodic table, the molar mass of oxygen 16 g/mol.Oxygen gas (O2) is comprised of two oxygen atoms bonded together. Therefore:molar mass of O2 2 x 16molar mass of O2 32 g/molConvert this to kg/mol:molar mass of O2 32 g/mol x 1 kg/1000 gmolar mass of O2 3.2 x 10-2 kg/mol Step 3 Find ÃŽ ¼rmsÃŽ ¼rms (3RT/M) ½ÃŽ ¼rms [3(8.3145 (kg ·m2/sec2)/K ·mol)(273 K)/3.2 x 10-2 kg/mol] ½ÃŽ ¼rms (2.128 x 105 m2/sec2) ½ÃŽ ¼rms 461 m/sec Answer The average velocity or root mean square velocity of a molecule in a sample of oxygen at 0  °C is 461 m/sec.

The Effects of Smoking Essay - 1501 Words

The Effects of Smoking The health effects of cigarette smoking are vast and well documented. In fact, over 75,000 reports have examined the connection between cigarette smoking and its effects (U.S. DHHS Reducing Health). A Report to the Surgeon General has stated that It is safe to say that smoking represents the most extensively documented cause of disease ever investigated in the history of biomedical research (U.S. DHHS The Health). And a 1988 Report to the Surgeon General stated that nicotine (the drug found in tobacco) is as addictive as heroin and cocaine (American Lung Association, Pg. 2). The effects of smoking have been observed for a very long time. As early as the 1920s, research identified nicotine as being†¦show more content†¦DHHS The Health). People who are new to smoking often feel sick or dizzy when they smoke. This is their bodys way of responding to the effects of nicotine. When you add to this the carbon monoxide that enters the blood stream with cigarette smoke, it takes the place of vital oxygen that is needed by the muscles and organs (U.S. DHHS The Health). This means that the body is not able to perform to the best of its capacity. Chemicals in tobacco smoke harm the airways and lungs, damaging the lungs ability to clean themselves, and making the smoker more open to coughs and chest infection (U.S. DHHS The Health). Teenage smokers cough more than teenagers who do not smoke, and by the time they become adults, many young smokers will already have abnormal changes in the cells lining their small airways (Center for Disease Control, Pg. 16). Teenage smokers also have more asthma and allergic symptoms than non-smokers of the same age, and get more easily winded when exercising (Center for Disease Control, Pg. 16). As you can now see, smoking effects many parts of the body. Just one cigarette dose make a difference, and even young smokers show signs of damage due to smoking. When people become regular users of tobacco, they can find it very difficult to stop. Starting smoking when young, and smoking for a very long time, makes it more likely that a smoking related disease will develop (U.S. DHHS The Health). Approximately one in two smokersShow MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Smoking On The Smoking2594 Words   |  11 PagesThe Effects of Smoking Smoking remains one of the most prevalent habits in society. The effects of smoking are wide ranging and devastating. Despite having the knowledge of these effects on human health, there has been no significant change in the smoking trends. Smoking involves inhalation of smoke from burnt substances. Some of the substances burned have major effects on the nervous system and the smoker is intoxicated after smoking. 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Macbeth Soliloquy Free Essays

Macbeth’s Soliloquy In Macbeth’s soliloquy Shakespeare uses many rhetorical devices to magnify Macbeth’s change in attitude about killing Duncan. Two of the main rhetorical devices used in the soliloquy are rhetorical questions and allusions to Hecate and Tarquin. These two devices help Shakespeare depict the change in Macbeth’s attitude about killing Duncan and also represent his decision to kill Duncan. We will write a custom essay sample on Macbeth Soliloquy or any similar topic only for you Order Now Macbeth’s rhetorical questions share his lack of clarity and conviction to kill Duncan while the allusions represent his decision forming and becoming clear to him. At the beginning of Macbeth’s soliloquy Shakespeare uses rhetorical questions to represent Macbeth’s feelings about killing Duncan. In the first seven lines we see three rhetorical questions. These questions lead into the conversation Macbeth has with himself to decide if he will kill Duncan. At the beginning of the soliloquy he seems unsure if he actually wants to go through with the plan. This uncertainty is represented by his uncertainty of the dagger’s existence. The first question he asks is whether or not he actually sees a dagger in front of him. It is a simple question but leads us into the others. The second question he asks is if the dagger was sent by a â€Å"fatal vision† (II. i. 35). Here, the word fatal acts as a double entendre. Fatal can either mean someone’s destiny or it can mean a deadly action and in this case it works with both definitions. Macbeth wonders if it is his fate to kill Duncan with the dagger and the dagger is the deadly weapon that will be used to kill Duncan later on in the play. The final question Macbeth asks himself is whether this dagger is real or not and if it is formed by his â€Å"heat-oppressed brain† (II. i. 38). The fact that he does not even know if he really sees a dagger or not makes it clear to the audience that he is going crazy over the thought of killing Duncan. When Macbeth asks himself this question he is wondering whether he really wants to kill Duncan or if he is just caught in the moment. Later in the soliloquy he even says â€Å"[his] eyes are made†¦fools† (II. i. 43) and that it is â€Å"the bloody business which informs/ [the dagger] to [his] eyes† (II. i. 47-48). Since the dagger is not real we know Shakespeare is telling us that Macbeth is thinking about killing Duncan but is still too scared to actually do it. As the soliloquy progresses, and so does his idea of killing Duncan, he starts talking about more concrete ideas, such as witchcraft, and this represents his growing desire to kill Duncan. In the second half of the soliloquy Macbeth finally decides to kill Duncan. When Macbeth says â€Å"now o’er the one half-world† (II. i. 48) he is talking about the time when people are asleep, or nighttime. While he does this he alludes to two famous and immoral people, the goddess Hecate and the Roman King Tarquin. At the time when Shakespeare was alive the audience knew who Shakespeare was referring when Macbeth said the names Tarquin and Hecate. This simple connection would allow the audience to understand where Macbeth’s decision would go and why he finally came to that decision. Shakespeare draws many parallels between Macbeth and these two people. Shakespeare alludes to Hecate because she was the goddess of magic, witchcraft, the night, the moon, ghosts, and necromancy. All of these things are affiliated with evil and when Macbeth says that â€Å"witchcraft celebrates/Pale Hecate’s offerings† (II. i. 50-51) he is trying to persuade himself that even though she is the goddess of these evil things, people still celebrate her and something good may come from killing Duncan. Shakespeare draws a parallel between Hecate and Macbeth because Macbeth finally decides he will kill Duncan after the bell rings in the same way Hecate’s ritual sacrifices were summoned by the wolf’s howl. Shakespeare also connects Macbeth to Tarquin in a similar way. Tarquin became the King of Rome by killing King Tullius. After Tarquin became the King of Rome he started a reign of terror. Besides killing King Tullius, Tarquin put many senators to death, his son raped a woman named Lucretia and eventually the Tarquin family was banished from Italy. By connecting Tarquin to Macbeth Shakespeare wants to show that they both knew what they were doing before committing the crime and chose to do it anyway. Also, Shakespeare is showing Macbeth’s change from an innocent man to a ruthless king whether Macbeth wants that or not and we see this later on in the play when Macbeth orders men to kill Banquo and his son, Fleance in fear that they may try to overthrow him. Shakespeare ends the soliloquy by saying that the â€Å"words to the heat of deeds too cold breath gives† (II. i. 60). By ending the soliloquy with this statement shows the change in Macbeth’s decision to kill Duncan and become king. The reason why Shakespeare included the soliloquy into the play is to show the audience how Macbeth finally comes to the decision to kill Duncan. Through the rhetorical devices used in the soliloquy Shakespeare is able to give the audience insight on how Macbeth goes from a guiltless man with no gall to a cold blood killer. We know by the end of it Macbeth has decided to kill Duncan and when the bell rings he goes to Duncan’s room to complete the job. We also know that later on he sends men to kill more people in order to keep his position as king and it is much easier for him to make that decision. How to cite Macbeth Soliloquy, Essay examples

Family Communication Issues

Qiuestion: Discuss the six relationship and communication issues that are correlated with low marital satisfaction? Answer: Introduction Like any other relationship marriage too undergoes through periods of distress (Segrin Flora, 2011). In almost all the cases of martial distress, communication is found to play a very vital role. Interpersonal relationship factors, social and economical factors and pre marital factors are the three key factors that lead to martial distress (Fine Harvey, 2013). Patterns of martial communication are recognised to be the key predictor of subsequent declines in marital satisfaction. Communication issues lead to martial distress which in turn results in damaging the communication between husbands and wives. Six relationship and communication issues that are correlated with low marital satisfaction When communication between husband and wife is marked by criticism, disagreement and guilt induction it leads to highest marital dissatisfaction (Burleson Denton, 1997). Conversations of this type often result in considerable negative effects or emotions which soon become evident in their behaviours(Baucom Epstein, 2013). Couples that face issues of reduced martial satisfaction, exhibit negativity when they interact with each other which in turn gives rise to negative emotions (Berger Hannah, 2013). Negative communication patterns give rise to negative emotions such as disgust, anger, contempt, fear and sadness which are evident in their non-verbal as well as verbal behaviours(Burleson Denton, 1997). Cross-complaining is a common communication issue where complaints are met with equally strong complaints(Fine Harvey, 2013). These communication issues are some of the most ineffective ways of conflict resolutions and are correlated with low marital satisfaction. Efforts made by ma rried couples to provide negative feedback while communication with each other in order to prove their superiority is another common communication issue that leads to reduced marital satisfaction(Segrin Flora, 2011). Disrespecting each other, talking in a raised pitch and expressing anger publically are some relationship and communication issues faced by married couples and are reasons for reduced marital satisfaction(Baucom Epstein, 2013). Demand-withdrawal patterns where one spouse presents a demand, complaint or criticism and the other spouse responds with defensiveness and withdrawal is also a cause of marital dissatisfaction. Contrary to this appreciating and respecting each other likes, dislikes and choices is correlated with high marital satisfaction(Berger Hannah, 2013). Assertive communication style and a soft tone of voice develop positive perception for each other. While interaction it is important to be a good listener and understand the reason behind complaints rather than complaining in return. Providing emotional support when needed and motivate each other to live their own lives as well while living for the family leads to high marital satisfaction. Developing a relationship of trust by keeping things transparent and well informed helps reducing conflicts. Establishing eye contact while talking to each other and use of words that show respect for individual differences that exists between the couple(Fine Harvey, 2013). Spending quality time together and considering complaints as a feedback from spouse which when addressed will help improving marital relations. No two individuals are same and to experience high marital satisfaction it is important to respect and enjoy individual differences. References Baucom, D. H., Epstein, N. (2013). Cognitive-Behavioral Marital Therapy. New Jersey: Routledge. Berger, R., Hannah, M. T. (2013). Preventive Approaches in Couples Therapy. New Jersey: Routledge. Burleson, B. R., Denton, W. H. (1997). The Relationship between Communication Skill and Marital Satisfaction: Some Moderating Effects. Journal of Marriage and Family, 59 (4). Fine, M. A., Harvey, J. H. (2013). Handbook of Divorce and Relationship Dissolution. New York: Psychology Press. Segrin, C., Flora, J. (2011). Family Communication. New Jersey: Routledge.